Alterations of the electrocardiographic parameters in relation to circulating electrolytes and cardiac enzymes during different productive states of high producing Holstein dairy cows

BACKGROUND: Dairy cows undergo physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation and cardiovascular system may alter during these periods. OBJECTIVES: Understanding the physiological effects of production periods of dairy cows on heart electrical activities can aid to better monitoring the cardiovascular system in these animals. METHODS: Five multiparous Holstein dairy cows were studied from their early lactation to close-up dry periods. Electrocardiogram recordings and blood samplings were performed from each cow at their different productive states. Sera were separated and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated in all specimens. RESULTS: There were no significant changing patterns in P, Q, S and T amplitude from early lactation to close-up dry periods (P>0.05); However, the R amplitude was significantly increased from early to late lactation and then decreased to close-up dry period, subsequently (P0.05) but RR interval in dry periods was significantly longer than lactating ones. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, potassium, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were decreased significantly from lactating cows to non-lactating ones (P